| Eliza Jane Poitevent Holbrook Nicholson | |
|---|---|
Pearl Rivers |
|
| Born | Eliza Jane Poitevent March 11, 1843 Gainesville, Mississippi |
| Died | 15 February 1896 (aged 52) New Orleans |
| Resting place | Metairie Cemetery |
| Pen name | Pearl Rivers |
| Occupation | Journalist and poet |
| Language | English |
| Nationality | United States |
| Alma mater | Amite Female Seminary, Liberty, Mississippi |
| Period | 1859-1896 |
Eliza Jane Poitevent Holbrook Nicholson (1843–1896), who wrote under the nom de plume Pearl Rivers, was a United States journalist and poet. She took the name from the Pearl River near her home in Mississippi.[1]
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Eliza Jane Poitevent was born in Gainesville, Mississippi on March 11, 1843 (some sources say 1849). She was the third child of a prosperous family of five, with a busy father and sickly mother.
When she was nine she moved to her aunt Jane's house in Hobolochitto (now called Picayune), in Pearl River County, Mississippi, where her uncle Leonard managed a plantation, a store and a toll bridge. She was sent to the Amite Female Seminary in Liberty, Mississippi, graduating in 1859, where she earned (or gave herself) the title of the "wildest girl in school".[2]
Eliza's first romance was with a young man she had met while at the seminary, but this was suppressed by the headmaster and her uncle. During the American Civil War (1861–1865) she may have fallen in love with a soldier, since such a romance was described in a group of poems she wrote in 1866 for the New Orleans Times.[2]
After the war she began submitting her work to newspapers and magazines under the pseudonym "Pearl Rivers", and her poems were published in the New Orleans literary sheet, The South, and in the New York Home Journal and the New York Ledger.[3] On 17 October 1866 the New Orleans daily The Picayune published her poem "A Little Bunch of Roses", the first of her work known to have been published in that paper, and after 1867 all her work was published in this paper.[2]
During one of Eliza's visits to her grandfather in New Orleans she met the co-owner of the Daily Picayune, Alva M. Holbrook. He asked her to become literary editor of the newspaper. She accepted the job and in May 1872 married Holbrook, who was divorced and almost thirty years her senior. The marriage was unhappy. In a letter to her first lover she confided that Holbrook "never did, and never will" love her.[2] A month after their marriage, Holbrook's first wife returned from New York and attacked her with a pistol and a bottle of rum. This was followed by a messy and protracted court battle.[3]
Holbrook died in bankruptcy in 1876 owing $80,000, a very large amount of money in those days. He left the newspaper to his young widow, which she continued to run.[4] This was courageous decision for a woman at that time. She had fallen in love with the business manager of the paper, a married man named George Nicholson. A year after Nicholson's first wife died, he married Eliza in June 1878.[2]
George Nicholson was a talented businessman who managed to pay down the debt and increase advertising revenue. Eliza introduced many innovations to the Daily Picayune which greatly increased circulation, making the paper one of the leading journals in the South. Among other changes, she added stories on women, children's pages, poetry and literary stories. She also started a gossip column and hired Dorothy Dix, a pioneer women's advice columnist.[2]
The introduction of a society column on 16 March 1879, the "Society Bee", was controversial. One reader wrote that it was "shabby", "shoddy" and "shameful" to mention the name of any lady in a newspaper. But by 1890 the column had become the largest section in the Sunday edition and was widely imitated.[5]
The visual appearance of the paper evolved. Advertising was moved out of column space and into boxes, which first appeared in June 1882. Before 1885 the paper rarely ran illustrations. By 1887 the pages were full of chalk plate drawings. The rakish and sophisticated Weather Frog appeared in cartoons from 13 January 1894, and the first political cartoon on 18 April 1896.[5] She changed the paper into a family newspaper, and, between 1880 and 1890, the circulation more than tripled while the paper grew in size and influence.[4]
Under Eliza the paper fought corruption, gave strong opinions on public works on the Mississippi, supported railroad construction, advocated political changes and took other principled stands.[2] But paper reflected the views of its readers. It was hostile to the Negro Republican Party, publishing editorials in the 1890s in favor of disenfranchizing negroes on the basis that they were "unfit to vote, ignorant, shiftless, depraved and criminal-minded", and would be controlled by a "ring" of white politicians. The Picayune reported Negro lynchings casually.[6]
Eliza was made president of the Women's National Press Association in 1884, and became the first honorary member of the New York Women's Press Club.[3] In March 1886 the editor of the New York magazine Forest and Stream invited Mr. E.J. Nicholson to be vice-president of the Audubon Society. Two weeks later the editor apologised for assuming Eliza Jane was a man and ranking her with the "inferior sex".[7]
A lover of animals, Eliza wrote editorials to protest against dog fighting and the beating of horses and mules.[4] She was a driving force in launching the New Orleans Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in 1888.[3]
Her husband caught influenza and died in New Orleans and Eliza died of the same disease two weeks later, on 15 February 1896, leaving two teenage children.[2]
Eliza's early rhyming verse was mainly pastoral, with some poetry touching on love and heartbreak and, in retrospect, was not exceptional although it revealed a keen perception of nature.[3] However, Dr. W.H. Holcomb, a scholarly critic at the time wrote of her book Lyrics that "She stands by this volume ahead of any other Southern poet, and no female writer in America, from Mrs. Sigourney to the Carey sisters, has evidenced more poetic genius".[5]
An example of her early poetry, first published anonymously:
Talking of her early life in the poem Myself, she introduced the "gossip loving bee", who gave its name to the Society Bee column:
Her later blank verse works "Hagar" and "Leah", published in Cosmopolitan in 1893 and 1894, have more depth, giving a powerful sense of the bitterness and jealousy of her heroines.
Her more important work, however, was in journalism. Through vivid and entertaining prose she gave thoughtful and intelligent commentary on many of the issues of the day. Despite a lack of confidence in her abilities, she was a remarkable and discerning writer.[3]